L'Irlande une île à la géographie passionnante qui a changé considérablement depuis ces 20 dernières années. Je vous propose un condensé de mon cours de géographie Irlandaise pour comprendre un peu mieux ce qui a transformer l'Île Emeraude.
The purpose of this paper is to understand the political, economic and cultural geography of the island of Ireland over the past 15 years. It considers the transformation of the Republic from “the sick man” of Europe to the arrival of the “Celtic Tiger”. And it questions about the political changes in Northern Ireland ten years after the Belfast agreement (1998). Finally it reviews the place of Ireland in the world and challenges its future after the downturn of th current financial crisis.
I. Reshaping the Irish Republic: the arrival of the Celtic Tiger
The Republic of Ireland has changed considerably over the past decade. Considered as the “sick man” of Europe, the country has been (before the crisis) one of the most attractive place in Europe for foreign investment. This course attempts to explain how this spectacular economic growth occurs and examines the Republic of Ireland before and after this recent development.
Past-Ireland: tradition and poverty
20 years ago, Ireland was one of the poorest country in Europe and deeply conservative due to its peripheral location in Europe. On the Northwestern edge of Europe, the country lived mainly on the (poor) agricultural resources and remained very rural. Poverty affected a large part of the population. Even until the mid-80s, 30% of Irish people were unemployed and 26% of the population were living beneath the poverty threshold. Ireland was at the brink of bankruptcy in 1988. Religion has had also a great influence on the Irish society. Divorced has been legalised in 1985 and homosexuality “decriminalised” only since 1993! And so far abortion remains still illegal. Emigration has been a solution to these economical problems since the middle of the 19th century. Millions and millions of Irish moved out of their home to the eastern part of Ireland, the UK or the USA. But Ireland changed considerably by this time.
The Economic boom
How Ireland has become one of the most prosperous places in Europe and has achieved to attract foreign investment? Several key reasons can explain the Irish success:
- The Irish government has planned a series of national agreement since 1988 for its industrial strategy. Furthermore Ireland remained competitive for its low industrial costs (wage bargaining) in an English-speaking country!
- Ireland had a reliable human capital educated and hard-worker. The social peace due to a strong partnership between employers, trade unions and organisations has been able to attract investment.
- Membership of the EU in 1973. It has brought capital of course but mainly widen the trading partners. Two-third of Irish exports are going now to the EU.
- Neo-liberal strategy with tax exemption and one of the lowest personal income taxes in Europe which enable to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
I. Reshaping the Irish Republic: the arrival of the Celtic Tiger
The Republic of Ireland has changed considerably over the past decade. Considered as the “sick man” of Europe, the country has been (before the crisis) one of the most attractive place in Europe for foreign investment. This course attempts to explain how this spectacular economic growth occurs and examines the Republic of Ireland before and after this recent development.
Past-Ireland: tradition and poverty
20 years ago, Ireland was one of the poorest country in Europe and deeply conservative due to its peripheral location in Europe. On the Northwestern edge of Europe, the country lived mainly on the (poor) agricultural resources and remained very rural. Poverty affected a large part of the population. Even until the mid-80s, 30% of Irish people were unemployed and 26% of the population were living beneath the poverty threshold. Ireland was at the brink of bankruptcy in 1988. Religion has had also a great influence on the Irish society. Divorced has been legalised in 1985 and homosexuality “decriminalised” only since 1993! And so far abortion remains still illegal. Emigration has been a solution to these economical problems since the middle of the 19th century. Millions and millions of Irish moved out of their home to the eastern part of Ireland, the UK or the USA. But Ireland changed considerably by this time.
The Economic boom
How Ireland has become one of the most prosperous places in Europe and has achieved to attract foreign investment? Several key reasons can explain the Irish success:
- The Irish government has planned a series of national agreement since 1988 for its industrial strategy. Furthermore Ireland remained competitive for its low industrial costs (wage bargaining) in an English-speaking country!
- Ireland had a reliable human capital educated and hard-worker. The social peace due to a strong partnership between employers, trade unions and organisations has been able to attract investment.
- Membership of the EU in 1973. It has brought capital of course but mainly widen the trading partners. Two-third of Irish exports are going now to the EU.
- Neo-liberal strategy with tax exemption and one of the lowest personal income taxes in Europe which enable to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
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The “Celtic Tiger” has shaped a new Ireland
For the first time for two centuries population of Ireland has started to rise in the 60s and this shows that Ireland is at last becoming more attractive after centuries of deprivation! Return migration and new migrants explains this trend. And it’s all the society who has been affected by this tremendous economic boom. Unemployment fell from 18% to 3% and wages have significantly risen. New forms of consumption and way of life have appeared like the increase of car use, properties and recreation thanks to new financial facilities. However it questions about the goodness of this evolution. Obesity rate is up 14% since 1998 and Irishmen are among the most obese in Europe! Furthermore alcohol consumption rose nearly half between 1981 and 2001. The Irish are the most beer-drinker in the World with 155 litres per person per year (UK=98, world average=77). Commuting and fast living is now the common way of life of most of the Irish population. The essential consequence of this sudden economic growth stays the enormous cost of living in the Republic, the second most expensive place to live in the EU after Finland.
Finally the success of the Celtic Tiger in the 90s questions about consumption and “Irishness”. Ireland is not definitely the same than before, moreover this development seems quite uneven and inequalities remain the shame of this success.
For the first time for two centuries population of Ireland has started to rise in the 60s and this shows that Ireland is at last becoming more attractive after centuries of deprivation! Return migration and new migrants explains this trend. And it’s all the society who has been affected by this tremendous economic boom. Unemployment fell from 18% to 3% and wages have significantly risen. New forms of consumption and way of life have appeared like the increase of car use, properties and recreation thanks to new financial facilities. However it questions about the goodness of this evolution. Obesity rate is up 14% since 1998 and Irishmen are among the most obese in Europe! Furthermore alcohol consumption rose nearly half between 1981 and 2001. The Irish are the most beer-drinker in the World with 155 litres per person per year (UK=98, world average=77). Commuting and fast living is now the common way of life of most of the Irish population. The essential consequence of this sudden economic growth stays the enormous cost of living in the Republic, the second most expensive place to live in the EU after Finland.
Finally the success of the Celtic Tiger in the 90s questions about consumption and “Irishness”. Ireland is not definitely the same than before, moreover this development seems quite uneven and inequalities remain the shame of this success.
II. The dark side of change
Unfortunately the economic growth did not bring only good things in the Republic. This course carries out an exploration of the social and economic patterns of the recent change in Ireland. Has change been consistent and equal in Ireland? What are the current barriers the country is facing in?
Uneven and concentrated development
Globalisation in Ireland didn’t affect the whole island equally even if most parts of the country enjoyed an unprecedented success. The main cities such as Dublin, Cork or Galway have attracted most of the investment thanks to their better infrastructure and services. Even the regional cities throughout the country achieved the role of gateway for the local and national economy. However this success can be balance by the recent economic downturn which question about the stability of this development.
The monocentric dominance of Dublin
More than all other cities in Ireland, Dublin has become the core of the Irish economy concentrating 80% of the political institutions, 70% of company headquarters and almost all the financial services in Ireland. Dublin is also the heart of a huge urban area representing 40% of the population, which entailed massive stressed in its current infrastructure. Roads and public transport networks are now overcrowded because the State didn’t have enough money to improve the old networks. And the development of Dublin has been too fast to maintain and replace a proper infrastructure. Traffic-jam in Dublin has been compared that in India!
Unfortunately the economic growth did not bring only good things in the Republic. This course carries out an exploration of the social and economic patterns of the recent change in Ireland. Has change been consistent and equal in Ireland? What are the current barriers the country is facing in?
Uneven and concentrated development
Globalisation in Ireland didn’t affect the whole island equally even if most parts of the country enjoyed an unprecedented success. The main cities such as Dublin, Cork or Galway have attracted most of the investment thanks to their better infrastructure and services. Even the regional cities throughout the country achieved the role of gateway for the local and national economy. However this success can be balance by the recent economic downturn which question about the stability of this development.
The monocentric dominance of Dublin
More than all other cities in Ireland, Dublin has become the core of the Irish economy concentrating 80% of the political institutions, 70% of company headquarters and almost all the financial services in Ireland. Dublin is also the heart of a huge urban area representing 40% of the population, which entailed massive stressed in its current infrastructure. Roads and public transport networks are now overcrowded because the State didn’t have enough money to improve the old networks. And the development of Dublin has been too fast to maintain and replace a proper infrastructure. Traffic-jam in Dublin has been compared that in India!
Social unevenness
Ireland has just become one of the most unequal countries in the world and the gap between rich and poor is still widening. Gender inequalities are also one of the largest in Europe! The economic growth has brought about a dual welfare system where the no-haves are dependant on voluntary and charity firstly concentrated in the cities. The rest of the population is spatial disadvantaged. Ireland and particularly Dublin is now the most multicultural city in Europe with the lowest rate of indigenous people! It is still an important challenge to integrate the foreign population in a country traditionally mono-ethnic after years of emigration.
The housing market remains always a crucial issue in Ireland despite the huge recent building boom; the country had the lowest number of dwellings in the EU in 1980. It reflects the relatively high average of household size with about 3 persons per accommodation. It is the result of historical lack of shortage and rising house price.
The collapse of the financial market is now a major threat to Ireland. The country has become very dependent of foreign investment and the security of the middle-class rested on the value of property. House price has risen dramatically till an average of €410,000, but economists evaluated that they are overvalued by 25%! In 1999, the construction sector accounted for 25% of the gross national product and employs 13% of the Irish work-force. The current economic downturn is dropping all the Irish economy in a durable crisis.
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